Fethullah Gülen, the U.S.-based cleric who led a powerful Islamic movement in Turkey and beyond, has died at the age of 83. His passing marks a significant moment in Turkish history, particularly given the controversies and conflicts surrounding his legacy. Gülen’s death was confirmed by Herkul, a website that publishes his sermons, which reported he passed away on Sunday evening in a hospital where he was receiving treatment.
Early Life and Rise to Prominence
Born in 1941 in the eastern Turkish province of Erzurum, Gülen was the son of an imam and immersed in Islamic teachings from a young age. He began his career as a mosque imam in Edirne in 1959 and rose to prominence in the 1960s as a preacher in Izmir. During this time, he established student dormitories and engaged with youth in tea houses, laying the foundation for a vast informal network that would evolve over the decades.
Gülen’s movement, known as “Hizmet,” meaning “service” in Turkish, sought to promote a moderate form of Islam that emphasized education, interfaith dialogue, and free market principles. His influence extended beyond Turkey to Central Asia, the Balkans, Africa, and the West, primarily through a network of educational institutions and cultural exchanges.
The Hizmet Movement and Its Influence
The Hizmet movement gained traction through its emphasis on education and social services. Gülen’s followers established a network of schools, universities, and cultural centers worldwide, focusing on providing quality education while promoting Turkish culture and values. This approach helped create a loyal base of supporters who viewed Gülen as a visionary leader committed to peace, tolerance, and social progress.
The movement’s educational institutions became known for their high academic standards, attracting students from diverse backgrounds. Many of these schools operated in countries where educational opportunities were limited, positioning the Hizmet movement as a significant player in global education.
Political Ascendancy and Alliance with Erdoğan
In the early 2000s, Gülen’s movement found an ally in the newly elected Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by Tayyip Erdoğan. The AKP’s rise to power was characterized by its moderate Islamic agenda and pro-Western orientation, aligning closely with Gülen’s vision for a modern Turkey. This alliance was initially beneficial for both parties, as they sought to challenge the secular military establishment that had long dominated Turkish politics.
Gülen’s followers were well-placed within the judiciary, police, and educational systems, providing the AKP with support as it pushed for reforms that diminished military influence. The partnership appeared to foster a new era of political stability and economic growth in Turkey.
The Falling Out: Corruption and Coup Accusations
However, tensions began to surface between Gülen and Erdoğan in 2013. The relationship deteriorated significantly after corruption investigations were launched against several high-ranking officials in the Erdoğan government. These investigations, widely believed to be instigated by Gülen’s followers within the police and judiciary, prompted Erdoğan to accuse Gülen of orchestrating a conspiracy to undermine his administration.
The fallout from these events led to a series of high-profile arrests and a backlash against Gülen’s movement. In 2014, the Turkish government designated Gülen and his followers as a terrorist organization, with Erdoğan labeling the group as “traitors” and “like a cancer” within the state.
The 2016 Coup Attempt
The most significant turning point came in July 2016 when a faction within the Turkish military attempted to overthrow Erdoğan’s government. The coup attempt involved the use of tanks, warplanes, and helicopters, resulting in chaos across the nation and the deaths of around 250 people. Following the failed coup, Erdoğan and his administration accused Gülen of masterminding the operation, a claim that Gülen vehemently denied.
In the wake of the coup, the Turkish government initiated a widespread crackdown on Gülen’s followers. Thousands were arrested, and the government seized hundreds of schools, businesses, and media outlets linked to the Hizmet movement. The crackdown was justified by the government as necessary to protect national security, but it was criticized by many as an assault on democracy and human rights.
Life in Exile
After the coup attempt, Gülen remained in self-imposed exile in the United States, where he had lived since 1999. His presence in the U.S. became a point of contention in Turkey-U.S. relations, with Ankara repeatedly demanding his extradition. Gülen’s supporters argued that he was being unjustly targeted for political reasons, while Erdoğan’s government maintained that he was a criminal responsible for a violent coup attempt.
Living in a gated compound in Pennsylvania, Gülen maintained a low profile but continued to influence his followers through sermons and writings. His health declined over the years, and he required medical treatment for various ailments. Despite his frail condition, he remained a significant figure in Turkish politics, with many of his followers still active in the country and abroad.
Gülen’s Ideology and Legacy
Gülen’s ideology focused on a moderate interpretation of Islam that emphasized education, dialogue, and cooperation across cultures and religions. His followers have often cited his teachings on the importance of social service and education as cornerstones of their movement. Gülen advocated for a synthesis of modernity and tradition, encouraging his followers to engage with contemporary society while remaining grounded in their faith.
His death raises questions about the future of the Hizmet movement and the legacy he leaves behind. While his influence has waned significantly in Turkey due to the government’s crackdown, many of his supporters remain committed to his ideals and continue to advocate for the principles he espoused.
The Impact of Gülen’s Death
Gülen’s passing may lead to a reevaluation of the Hizmet movement, both within Turkey and internationally. His followers, who have faced significant persecution in Turkey, may need to find new ways to advocate for their beliefs and carry forward his vision. The movement has already adapted to the changing political landscape by establishing networks in various countries, particularly in the United States and Europe.
In Turkey, Gülen’s death could alter the dynamics of opposition politics. As the ruling party consolidates power and continues its crackdown on dissent, the absence of a prominent figure like Gülen may shift the focus of opposition movements. Political analysts will be closely monitoring how Gülen’s followers respond to this loss and whether they can maintain cohesion in the face of ongoing repression.
Broader Implications for Turkey
Gülen’s legacy is intertwined with the complex political landscape of Turkey. His movement has been both a source of inspiration for many and a target for government repression. The Turkish government’s actions against Gülen’s followers have sparked widespread concern about human rights violations and the erosion of democratic principles in the country.
As Turkey continues to grapple with political polarization, Gülen’s death may serve as a catalyst for discussions about reconciliation and reform. There are ongoing calls from various segments of society for a more inclusive political dialogue that recognizes the diverse voices within the country.
Fethullah Gülen’s life and legacy encapsulate the tumultuous journey of modern Turkey, marked by rapid change, political upheaval, and societal transformation. His influence on education and interfaith dialogue has left a lasting imprint, even as his movement faces significant challenges.
As Turkey moves forward, the implications of Gülen’s death will be felt in both political and social spheres. The future of the Hizmet movement and its ability to navigate a repressive environment will depend on the resilience of its supporters and their commitment to the ideals Gülen championed throughout his life.
